Representation Of The House Of Representatives - 1650 Words

The legislature of the United States consists of two houses, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The bicameral system was created by the Founding Fathers in order to carry out one of the most imperative functions of Congress, representation amongst other function such as legislation, deliberation and scrutiny. The Senate ensures each state is equally represented with two congressmen, equally the House of Representatives also has to carry out the function of representation but its representatives unlike the Senate are proportioned to the population of the states for example California has 55 representatives however Alaska has 1. Even though representation is an important and well known function of the legislature the extent to which it is carried out can be argued to have declined in the subsequent years due to factors such as the expansion of the population. The role of representation was intended to be carried out in 13 states under the Founding Fathers however the increase to 50 has made this function increasingly difficult. The creation of the House of Representatives ensured the function of representation would be carried out as the house was proportioned to equally represent all the states. Having a set number of representatives in one states according to population ensures that the voices of that state’s population can be heard effectively. The Framers’ choice of a bicameral system was in part a choice to leverage two different representational schemes. TheShow MoreRelatedThe Federalist Papers, By Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, And John Jay1357 Words   |  6 Pagesexpressed about the Constitution. One of their major concerns was the proposed bicameral legislature’s ability to cooperate. The Constitution established a two-part Congress, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate. Colonists worried that the two parts of Congress would threaten their equal representation. James Madison answered these fears in the first of two essays explaining the intricacies of the Senate in Federalist Paper 62. Within this paper he listed four out of five key points ofRead MoreWhy Legislatures Fulfil Their Representative Function?1296 Words   |  6 Pageslegislatures fulfil their representative function? (25 marks) The legislature of the United States consists of two houses, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The bicameral system was created by the Founding Fathers in order to carry out one of the most imperative functions of Congress, representation amongst other function such as legislation, deliberation and scrutiny. The Senate ensures each state is equally represented with two congressmen, equally the House of Representatives also has to carryRead MoreThe Electors Of Bristol Essay915 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"Your representative owes you, not his industry only, but his judgement; and he betrays instead of serving you if he sacrifices it to your opinion†, said the Irish political philosopher, Edmund Burke. Through time, the same question has popped up in the American minds: are representatives actually elected to represent us and our best interests, or on the contrary, to perform according to their concerns? In his â€Å"Letter to the Electors of Bristol†, Burke ar gues several controversial points; as anRead MoreThe New Jersey And Virginia825 Words   |  4 Pagesdelegates meeting at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787 were given consent to alter and revise the Articles of Confederation. Except for those from New Jersey and Virginia, the representatives intended to revise the Articles. The primary issue that they resolved was that of State Representation. William Paterson and his associates offered a list of suggestions for revising the Articles of Confederation in his New Jersey Plan. Paterson, a delegate from New Jersey, supported the weakRead MoreColumbia Constitution Section 21219 Words   |  5 PagesColumbia is to be bestowed with proper representation in the legislative branch relative to the states current population. Columbia will receive two senators in the Senate as every state does and in accordance with its population size calculated by the U.S. census; Columbia will receive a total of two representatives in t he House of Representatives. The acquisition of this adequate representation will in turn remove the need for the current nonvoting representative that the District of Columbia is currentlyRead MoreHow Effective Is Parliament in Carrying Out Its Representative Role?1226 Words   |  5 PagesGovernment in the UK is a representative body elected for and by the people. The UK uses the parliamentary system as its model of representation; this means the different areas of government which are the legislative, judiciary and executive branches work in and through each other as opposed to the Presidential model which separates the powers. Westminster Parliament is the acting microcosm for the UK society; it is a small group of 365 MPs who are chosen to represent their constituencies. Each MPRead MoreThe Connecticut Compromise Between The New Jersey Plan And The Virginia Plan1473 Words   |  6 Pagesand now because it would determine how each state would be represented in Congress. The ca use of the Great Compromise was because the small populated states wanted to have the same amount of representatives as the states with large populations and the larger populated states wanted to have more representatives than the smaller states. In 1787, the Constitutional Convention met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania between May and September. The purpose of the event was to decide how America was going toRead MoreStanford Levinsons Calling For A Second Constitutional Convention1490 Words   |  6 Pagesunequal and undemocratic institutions. Our bicameral legislature is set up in Article 1 of the Constitution, which calls for two chambers of Congress that will have equal power in creating laws. The Senate, one of those chambers, will have two representatives from each state, however, this will prove to be unequal in representing the nation’s population. The Electoral College is articulated in Article 2 of the Constitution, which describes how a presidential candidate will be awarded office, howeverRead MoreHow Democratic Is The U.s. Constitution?970 Words   |  4 PagesHow Democratic is the U.S. Constitution? Democracy, a form of government where significant power is vested in the people and the people exercise their power by electing representatives or exercise their power directly by themselves via assembly. The U.S. Constitution was once considered to be Democratic – however – after an examination of the 3 branches of government the U.S. Constitution has some seemingly undemocratic attributes. There are features in all 3 branches that makes the U.S. ConstitutionRead MoreThe Great Compromise Occurred In The Summer Of 1787 And1314 Words   |  6 Pagesthe debate about representation for the states. The founding of the modern political system was the result of the Great Compromise. The Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plans differed in their approach to the representation of states, as will be seen later in the paper. The differences in the representative system divided the larger states from the smaller states. The argument was also fueled by the debates between Federalis ts and Anti-Federalists regarding the issue of representation along with many

Organic Agriculture And Developing Optimal Management...

Developing new small grain crop varieties specifically bred for organic agriculture and developing optimal management strategies for organic production are expected to solve some of the primary challenges faced by organic small grain farmers, which will lead to an increase in organic farm profitability. In addition, we will train and prepare the future graduate students who will contribute to enhancing organic agriculture in the future. Significance of the proposed research With the rising interest of American consumers for healthy food, the demand for organic food products continues to increase. Sales from organic crops in the United States have increased by 69% between 2008 and 2014 (USDA-NASS, 2008). The demand for organic small grain†¦show more content†¦Despite the growing demand for organic wheat and oats, a limited amount of research has been undertaken to solve challenges faced by organic producers. Because crop plants cannot be protected by conventional pesticides under organic standards, the development of crop varieties with the ability to compete against weeds and resist infection from disease is extremely important. In reality, the choice of variety is more crucial in organic than in conventional agriculture since synthetic herbicides and protectants cannot be used. Only limited efforts have been made to breed small grain crop varieties specifically for organic farming (Wolfe et al., 2008), even though it has been shown that in ord er to optimize performance varieties should be bred specifically for organic management if the goal is to optimize performance (Baenziger et al., 2011). As a result, organic producers are forced to choose varieties that were developed and optimized for conventional farming and have limited access to information on optimal management practices. This project is expected to produce new varieties of spring wheat, winter wheat, and oat with improved productivity and end-use quality under organic management. The project will also provide new practical advice for organic producers about smallShow MoreRelatedScience And Technology Are On The Whole Good For The Environment1778 Words   |  8 PagesThe development of technological progress increased the negative impact on the environment, however, in recent decades there have come certain positive changes in approach toward qualitative improvement in environmental management with successful development of waste-free production, implementation of new technologies to reduce the amount of harmful emissions into the atmosphere, improvement of soil health, enhancement of crop quality parameters, and etc. Effective economic and legal mechanism is capableRead MoreThe Trade Policies And Its Effects On The World1065 Words   |  5 PagesLivestock industry in agriculture plays vital role in the economies of many developed and developing countries. Animals are good source of food, moreover it is considered to be proteins factory for the human diet along this livestock helps in generating income, employment and more possibly foreign exchange. Livestock can also serve as a provider of wealth, draught power, mode of transportation and a healthy and continuous source of organic fertilizers for making our crop chemical free. World TradeRead MoreAgricultural Science Sba12288 Words   |  50 Pages search | Agriculture | General | * Agribusiness * Agricultural science * Agroforestry * Agronomy * Animal husbandry * Extensive farming * Factory farming * Farm * Free range * Industrial agriculture * Mechanised agriculture * Ministries * Intensive farming * Organic farming * Permaculture * Stock-free agriculture * Sustainable agriculture * Universities * Urban agriculture | History | * History of agriculture * History of organic farming * ArabRead MorePacific Hooker4199 Words   |  17 Pages |Product strategy | | |10.4 |Pricing strategy | | |10.5 |Promotion strategy | | |10.6 |Distribution Strategy Read MoreBackground Inditex, One of the Worlds Largest Fashion Distributors, Has Eight Major Sales Formats - Zara, Pull and Bear, Massimo Dutti, Bershka, Stradivarius, Oysho, Zara Home Y Kiddys Class- with 3.147 Stores in 70100262 Words   |  402 PagesBeatrice Kogg Responsibility in the Supply Chain Interorganisational management of environmental and social aspects in the supply chain Case studies from the textile sector Doctoral dissertation the international institute for industrial environmental economics Lund University, Sweden  IIIEE DISSERTATIONS 2009:2  Responsibility in the Supply Chain Interorganisational management of environmental and social aspects in the supply chain Case studies from the textile sector Read MoreLiving in the Environment 16th Edition Chapter Review and Vocabulary6220 Words   |  25 Pagesdevelopment? Describe two basic ways that economic growth can be accomplished. Distinguish between developed countries and developing countries. Give three key characteristics of each one. Define and give three examples of environmental degradation. What is an â€Å"ecological footprint†? Using specific countries as examples, explain the difference between the footprint of a developing and developed country. What is â€Å"culture†? Describe three major cultural changes that have occurred since humans arrivedRead MoreCase Study Essay10964 Words   |  44 Pagesand Research Associate Hyun Jin Kim prepared this case. HBS cas are developed ses solely as the basis for class discussion. Cases are no intended to serve as endorsements, sources of primary data, or illustratio of effective or ot ons ineffective management. d all Copyright  © 2010 President and Fellows of Harvard College. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, ca 1-800-545-7685, write Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, M 02163, or go to www.hbsp.harvard.edu/educatorsRead MoreDesigning a Sustainable Solid Waste Collection System in Morocco11666 Words   |  47 Pagesï » ¿Designing a Sustainable Solid Waste Collection System in Morocco Introduction Solid waste management is a matter of great concern in most urban towns in developing countries around the world. The local authorities are responsible for managing municipal solid waste but are in most cases, they are unable to discharge their duties effectively because they lack the capacity to handle the complexities of the process in terms of the design and appropriate systems. Therefore, in the design of a sustainableRead MoreChipotle18199 Words   |  73 Pagesflavorful food as possible (Brandau, 2010). Another strength is Chipotle’s commitment to community involvement. Chipotle leadership maintains that community involvement and corporate social responsibility is a key component in the overall successful management of an organization (Ruggless, 2010). Participating in community involvement, in addition to turning a high quality product to consumers, is an area of Chipotle’s focus. Additionally, Chipotle has a high brand equity and a strong financial backboneRead MoreThe Impact of Agricultural Sector on Economic Growth in Nigeria18675 Words   |  75 PagesCONTENTS 1.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 2 2.0 CONCEPTUAL APPROACH OF THIS INAUGURAL LECTURE 6 REFLECTIONS ON THE STRATEGIC ROLE OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY 8 3.0 4.0 5.0 AGRICULTURE FROM THE LOOKING GLASS OF MAN’S ECONOMIC HISTORY 16 AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY FROM PARADIGMATIC VIEWPOINTS ABOUT THE STATE VIS-A-VIS MARKET 21 6.0 NIGERIAN AGRICULTURE FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF MODELS OF AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT 29 7.0 AGRICULTURAL SECTOR FROM THE LOOKING GLASS OF EVOLUTION OF NIGERIA’S POLITICAL ECONOMY 38 THE

Legalization of Marijuana for Medical Use Only Essay

The history of U.S. policy toward mind-altering substances has followed cycles of tolerance and intolerance ever since the mid-19th century. Walking into a smoked filled room, of young and old engaged in therapeutic activities for numerous health conditions, has been practice worldwide. In fact, the medical use of the cannabis plant goes back at least 5,000 years to ancient China. It was used by most of the worlds cultures for its healing properties (Medical Marijuana Cases 1). Today such conditions as Migraine headaches, Glaucoma, Cancer, Epilepsy, Asthma AIDS/HIV, Spinal injury, Muscle spasms, Insomnia etc., could be treated for symptomatic relief with cannabis or cannabis extract. However, marijuana is still considered an†¦show more content†¦More people are incarcerated in the nations prisons for marijuana than manslaughter or rap (Schlosser 92).5 Attempts to reduce dangerous prison overcrowding have been disadvantaged by the nations drug law. Across the countr y prisons are filled with nonviolent fenders who mandatory minimum sentences do not allow for parole. At the same time violent offenders are routinely being granted early release (Schlosser 92).5 For example, Eric Schlosser reports this incident: Eight years ago Douglas Lamar Gray brought a pound of marijuana in a room at the Econo Lodge in Decatur, Alabama. He planned to keep a few ounces for himself and sell the rest to some friends. Gray was a Vietnam veteran with an artificial leg. As a young man, hed been convicted of a number of petty crimes none serious enough to warrant a prison warrant. He had stayed out of trouble for thirteen years. He now owned his Rivera 4 own business called Grays Roofing and Remodeling Company. He had a home, a wife and a two-year-old son. The man who sold him the drug, Jimmy Wilcox was a felon just released from prison with more than thirty convictions on his record. Wilcox was also an informer employed by the Morgan County Drug Task Force. The local sheriffs department, as part of a sting, had supplied the pound of marijuana. After paying Wilcox $900 for the pot, which seemed like a real bargain, Douglas Lamar Gray was arrested andShow MoreRelated Legalization of Marijuana for Medical Use Only Essay2360 Words   |  10 Pagesintolerance ever since the mid-19th century. The medical use of the cannabis plant goes back at least 5,000 years to ancient China. It has been used by most of the world’s cultures for its healing properties (Medical Marijuana Cases 1). Today such conditions as Migraine headaches, Glaucoma, Cancer, Epilepsy, Asthma AIDS/HIV, Spinal injury, Muscle spasms, Insomnia etc., co uld be treated for symptomatic relief with cannabis or cannabis extract. However, marijuana is still considered an illegal drug in mostRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1223 Words   |  5 Pagesthat the marijuana industry has had on the economies of the states which have legalized recreational marijuana use for consumers over the age of 21. Many predictions were made referring to the outcome of marijuana legalization, however, most predictions made did not foretell the actual outcome. The act of legalization in the state of Colorado has yielded many advantages in the field of marketing. With these advantages, however, come many disadvantages. This study will identify how marijuana legalizationRead MoreMarijuana Decriminalization and Legalization636 Words   |  3 PagesThe validity of marijuana decriminalization (and even legalization) is illustrated in the following analysis of the social, fiscal, political, and medical attributes and conceptions associated with the d rug. Marijuana has been used for thousands of years, in 2008; archeologists discovered over two pounds of cannabis in a 2,700-year-old grave of a shaman found in Central Asia. (Armentano, 1) Should marijuana be legalized or at least decriminalized in America? The following information may give theRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?972 Words   |  4 PagesMarijuana Legalization For thousands of years, marijuana has been used for a myriad of purposes ranging from medical use to recreational use. Although small steps are being for marijuana legalization across the country, there is still a long way to go. Some folks argue that marijuana is a gateway drug and impairs judgement, causing people to act recklessly. However, extensive studies have been conducted on the effects, risks, and benefits of marijuana, and have proven marijuana to be safer thanRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Legalization Of Marijuana901 Words   |  4 PagesThe legalization of Marijuana is a topic that has been discussed for many years. It has had many support as well as opposition. This topic has caused a lot of controversy over the years. In today’s society the amount of marijuana or cannabis that is being consumed is, for the most part, consumed by teens and adults. Although marijuana is an illegal drug, that does not stop people from getting a hold of it. The use of marijua na can be for many reasons such as, socializing, obtaining a high, escapingRead MoreLegalization of Marijuana1550 Words   |  7 PagesLegalization of Marijuana: Benefits and Statistics The topic of legalizing marijuana has been a topic of controversy for quite some time now not only throughout our local streets, but throughout the local and into the state government. The legalization of marijuana is such a controversial topic because some are for it and some are against it. People are for the legalization because of the great uses it has towards medicine, the money that could come from the taxation of legalized marijuana, andRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1372 Words   |  6 PagesLegalization of Weed Growing up, everyone is told that, â€Å"Drugs are bad for you,† time and time again. Now as a kid you don’t really understand the reasoning behind it, but you listen to your authority figure regardless. I remember being told this my entire life and even to this very day. But as I got older I realized that people would still use drugs even though it’s illegal. I could never understand why someone would go against the law and jeopardize their life just to use drugs? The drug thatRead MoreIt Is Time to Legalize Marijana1700 Words   |  7 Pagesregardless. I remember being told this my entire life and even to this very day. But as I got older I realized that people would still use drugs even though it’’s illegal. I could never understand why someone would go against the law and jeopardize their life just to use drugs? The drug that I am talking about is marijuana, and surprisingly it is all around us. Marijuana is even referred to in todayà ¢â‚¬â„¢s media Mainstream media sources that people enjoy, like music, movies, and TV shows, do not even botherRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1565 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana Legalization From mandatory crop to illegal drug, cannabis has gone from revered to criminal in the course of United States history. Its fall from grace has been an education in mass hysteria, propaganda, market manipulation and greed. Fortunately, for those suffering debilitating medical conditions and those that wish to enjoy its euphoric effects alike, it appears that the pendulum is swinging in the opposite direction. The close of the 2015 legislative session revealed a potentialRead MoreEssay Astonishing Statistics of Marijuana Use in Minors1539 Words   |  7 Pagesmillion Americans ages 12 and over have reported to using marijuana at least once within the previous year. That number alone is an astonishing statistic on marijuana users. Although marijuana has been a drug with increasing popularity especially throughout the past couple of years due to the legalization in some states. In November of 2012 history was made when Washington and Colorado both legalized marijuana for recreational use. Although marijuana is considered to be a Schedule 1 drug, which means it

Substance Abuse Prevention And Treatment Act - 1977 Words

Substance Abuse Policies One in ten children are born affected by prenatal alcohol or drug exposure (NCSACW). This exposure could have long term effects on their life and wellbeing. There have multiple bills and policies that have been introduced to the government to address these issues. Two bills, in particular, focus on the prevention, treatment, and education on substance exposed infants. The first bill, The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA), was reintroduced in 2004 and focuses on the abuse and neglect of children. The second bill, Protecting Our Infants Act of 2015, addresses prevention of prenatal exposure and treatment for opioid using mothers. This paper will be addressing each policy in detail and the outcomes they have on families and children. The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) was introduced in the 1970’s, but was reauthorized most recently in 2004. CAPTA’s main focus is on the prevention of maltreatment and neglect of youth. This act clearly defines maltreatment and neglect so that each state can authorize what sort of consequences should be placed on abusers. Although each state has their own laws against child maltreatment, CAPTA outlines what specifically counts as child abuse to ensure the safety of all children. In this policy, mothers who use drugs or alcohol are consider perpetrators and can be punished according to state laws if caught. CAPTA provides funding for the states to improve their Child Protective ServiceShow MoreRelatedIllegal Substance Abuse And Addiction1196 Words   |  5 PagesIllegal substance abuse and addiction can have far-reaching negative impacts that affect not only the people who abuse drugs but also their friends, family members, the community, and government resources. Substance abuse can lead to domestic violence, child abuse, suicide, crime, automobile accidents, sexually transmitted diseases, HIV/AIDS, and unwanted pregnancy. A particular area of concern of drug use and abuse is the impact of methamphetamine (meth) labs on public safety and the environmentRead MoreThe Affordable Care Act And The Substance Abuse And Mental Health Service Administration?786 Words   |  4 PagesSubstance abuse has been a known topic which has not been recognized and fully treated the way it should. Unlike general medicine, substance abuse treatments have their own facility and services apart from general settings, making it harder to get the recognition and the assistance needed to help the individuals in need. Both the Affordable Care Act and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Service Administration (SAMHSA), which is a part of the US Department of Health and Human Services have promotedRead MoreDrug Policy And Funding Has Not Changed Much Over The Past Two Decades1505 Words   |  7 Pagestoward a comprehensive approach; one that focuses on prevention, treatment and enforcement (p.1). One approach to this is allottin g billions of dollars to the Federal Drug Control Budget. As of 2014, the majority of funding for this budget went into supply reduction (59.9%), demand reduction (40.1%), and domestic law enforcement (36.8%). Only 35 percent of the funding was provided for treatment of drug abuse, and 5.1 percent for drug abuse prevention (Sacco, 2014, p.16). These numbers have not changedRead MorePrimary Prevention Of Substance Abuse902 Words   |  4 Pageslegislative session focused on primary prevention of substance abuse and providing grants from national stakeholders to create individual state treatments. Numerous bills introduced at the national level were bills that amended other previously passed substance abuse bills. The two substances focused in these bills were general substances and opioids. By â€Å"general substance† this category refers to the abuse of multiple drugs, which includes opioids. The opioid abuse bills focus specifically on opioidsRead MoreThe Health Care Sys tem As A Whole951 Words   |  4 Pagescare system as a whole. Drug abuse is an illness of the brain, and it has a negative impact on the body system. It weakens the immune system making is difficult for the body to fight diseases. Drug use also affect other organs of the body which includes the heart, liver kidney and the brain. This illness can cause paranoid, aggression, impaired judgment, hallucination and suicidal ideations. The statistics available shows that annual number of people with substances dependency in 2013 is 21.6 millionRead MoreBarriers And Lack Of Knowledge Regarding Substance Use And Its Effects809 Words   |  4 Pagestarget addictive behaviors in the community. Heterogeneity in the population and cultural barriers has contributed to the lack of knowledge regarding substance use and its effects. Issues related to taboo, denial and loss of face mask understanding of the extent of the problem. Institutional barriers and lack of community infrastructure make treatment efforts difficult in serving a diverse population (Ja, 199 3). In addition to the psychological barriers, other physical problems also exist. Most primaryRead MoreRelapse in Substance Abuse Treatment Essay1165 Words   |  5 PagesRelapse Prevention in Substance Abuse Treatment In relation to drug abuse, relapse is resuming the use of a chemical substance or drug after a period of abstinence. The term can be said to be a landmark feature of a combination of substance abuse and substance independence. The propensity for dependency, repeated use, and tendencies that take the form of the substance being used, are some of the issues that drug users’ experience. Substances that enhance most severe tendencies in users and pose highRead MoreSubstance Abuse Treatment and Proposition 361208 Words   |  5 Pagesincarcerating offenders who have substance abuse related issues instead of providing a way for treatment or rehabilitation outside of incarceration. Through public policies regarding criminal justice interventions that address drug use and crime, an initiative was created to provide treatment services as a diversion to incarceration. The Diversion-to-Treatment Law that was created in California is called Proposition 36 also known as the â€Å"Subst ance Abuse and Crime Prevention Act (SACPA) of 2000†. ThisRead MoreSubstance Abuse Is A Brain Disease766 Words   |  4 PagesFindings Substance Abuse is a brain disease While the choice to use alcohol and drugs is initially voluntary, alcohol and/or drug addiction arises because the normal functioning of the brain is impaired so that alcoholism and drug addiction become a â€Å"chronic relapsing disease of the brain† (National Institute of Drug Abuse, Drugs, Brains and Behavior. The Science of Addiction. 2014, 5). Drugs impact the pathways of the brain by flooding the circuit with dopamine, which disturbs and distorts normalRead MoreIntroduction Based on extensive literature reviews on teenage substance abuse and interventions,1700 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Based on extensive literature reviews on teenage substance abuse and interventions, this report examines the flaws and weaknesses of traditional interventions in curbing the menace and proposes a design in community intervention to make it efficient and effective. Recent studies show that the overall trend of lifeline drug-taking secondary school going students rose from 3.3 % in 2005 to 4.3% by the end of 2009. The age at which students begin to use drugs has continuously decreased

Assessment Chevron Corporate Responsibility Free Essays

string(156) " make sure they are built into the company’s vision, mission, policies, codes, practices, compliance mechanisms, and feedback arrangement† \(Leonard J\." INTRODUCTION The aims of this assay report is to critically explore and evaluate practical and analytical interaction of a chosen company Corporate Responsibility Report in relative to the role of an accountant. Objectives: Identifying what Corporate Social Responsibility means, what it means to an accountant, and examining in relationship between accountant and Corporate Social Reporting. Consequent to increasing globalization, greater environmental and social awareness and more efficient communication, the concept of companies’ responsibilities beyond the purely legal or profit-related has gained new impetus. We will write a custom essay sample on Assessment: Chevron Corporate Responsibility or any similar topic only for you Order Now The duty to provide an account or reckoning of those actions for which one is held responsible (Gray Owen and Adam 1996). Report structure As instructed this assay report will comprises three sections: Part one examine the chosen company, ‘Chevron’ Corporate Responsibility Report (2009) and to what extent is committed to ‘accountability’. This report will be limited to what is published in their corporate responsibility report. Part two of the report will explore the role of Chevron corporate responsibilities in tackling ‘global warming’ (climate change) for the past five years, this part will be concerned with projects that shows improved accountability. Part three of the report will attempt to examine assured evidence that the chosen company ‘Chevron’ has an increasing social responsible investment in areas or regions it operates, should that lead to increase in social and environmental accounting and will recognised the importance of better social and environmental behaviour from companies. Part 1 – Accountability Chevron Corporation (Chevron) Chevron was incorporated in 1926, it manages its investment in subsidiaries affiliate, is listed on the NASDAQ CVX Exchange in New York, employs approximately 58,000 highly skilled employees around the globe and provides technology support to the United States of America and international subsidiaries that engage in petroleum operations, chemical operations, mining operations, power generation and energy services. [Company website] [UK. Reuters] Chevron has a major consumer present around the globe as one of the world largest consumer fuel retailer with about 4,000 fuel stations, and ambitions to further activities in developing and supplying fuels to the wholesale market and its strategies â€Å" to invest in people, execute with excellence, grow profitably, and invest in profitable renewable energy and energy efficiency solutions†. [Company website] The Chevron Corporate Responsibility Report 2009 (CCRR) represents the Chevron’s eighth corporate responsibility report; to share its history on environmental, social and governance system reporting. It seems noted that Chevron has evidence of accountability and sustainability reporting, but how proven can that be The report provide descriptions, data, and perspectives on communities and stakeholder engagement, environmental management, energy efficiency, health and safety, human right, and renewable energy and biofuels. Extractives corporations, especially those involved in oil and gas exploration and production lie at the bottom end of environmental and social concerns, having such a significant opportunity to either contribute to or mitigate environmental and social issues. In the oil and gas sector, in recent years, many companies have sought to report upon their activities in the fields of mitigating the impacts of conventional fuel production and supply and also demonstrating their commitment to reduce impacts and use renewable energy sources. Credibility: Chevron’s approach to the challenges of sustainability is to provide fuel which utilise the same infrastructure and technology as conventional fuels but which utilise either significant proportion of advanced biofuels, geothermal energy and solar or are entirely renewable sources. A key part of this strategy is their investment in geothermal energy in Indonesia and the Philippines, which is generate electricity from radioactive decay of volcanic activity, and from solar energy absorbed at the surface and which is reported to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 80 percent compared to conventional fossil fuel. [CCRR p.13-14] Chevron Corporate Report 2009 seeks to represent the corporation’s approach to the development of a leadership position in renewable energy and fuels and the opportunities and challenges inherent in such a commitment. The corporation faces significant challenges if it is to achieve its target of becoming one the world leading producer and supplier of consumer fossil fuel, geothermal energy and advanced biofuels. Specifically because of the challenges of sustainability sourcing fossils fuel and biofuel feedstock. The feedstock that the corporation is committed to is forest-based sources, which has become a hugely controversial because of its association with forest clearance in places like the Amazon forest of South America and pressure on wild life species. In the context of responsibility, the report contains the following: â€Å"we are deeply committed to conducting business in socially responsible and ethical manner†. This is a laudable goal, yet it is difficult from the report to identify just what the company’s current net impacts are, or how they will get from the current position to the implied destination. Such statements are very common and do not stop here: Chevron’s approach to corporate responsibility also states: â€Å"demonstrate commitment to its seven pillars of corporate responsibility: the environment, health and safety; human rights; stakeholders engagement; community engagement; workforce; supply chain; and ethic†. Given the concerns of stakeholders, the corporation significantly develop its disclosure of stakeholder engagement and communication. The report does include overview list of a variety of groups together with the type of interactions undertaken and evaluation and feedback from those interactions. In practice, however, interactions are predominantly communications based and do not really present a picture of either what issues are of concern to different stakeholders or indeed the depth of concerns and implications for Chevron’s plans. Accountability is build around the relationship between owners, management of the company and its stakeholders; â€Å"those groups without whose support the organization would cease to exist,† and the list of constituents comprising stakeholders originally included â€Å"share-owners, employees, customers, suppliers, lenders, and society†(Freeman and Reed 1983). Accountability is the duty to provide an account of those actions for which one is responsible, not necessarily financial. It has various definitions, but the word is typically used to denote responsibility for acquiring results. â€Å"In Stakeholders – Accountability Oriented Governance Process (SAOG), the board of directors must take all stakeholder interest into account and make sure they are built into the company’s vision, mission, policies, codes, practices, compliance mechanisms, and feedback arrangement† (Leonard J. You read "Assessment: Chevron Corporate Responsibility" in category "Essay examples" Brooks, Paul Dunn 2009) Accountability is an essential element of the business and corporate world, and Chevron corporate responsibility report 2009 it have been developed in consistency with the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) G3 guidelines, International Petroleum Industry Environment Conservation Association (IPIECA), and the American petroleum institute (API). The use of GRI G.3 guidelines represents a useful set of key issues for the corporation to consider in the development of it approach to reporting. Dow Jones Sustainability Index (DJSI) defines corporate responsibility as â€Å"a business approach that creates long-term shareholder value by embracing opportunities and managing risks deriving from economic, environmental social developments†. This definition does not appear to induce firms to aspire for sustainability goals above and beyond their financial interests (P. Ekins, S. Simon, L. Deutsch, C. Folke, R. D. Groot 2003).Such data is also heavily dependent on what firms wish to disclose through annual questionnaires, third party documents and personal communications. The report [CCRR 2009] is visually well designed and presented, most striking aspects of the report is use of pictures and numbers of quotes seeking to reinforce the themes is vision, change, evolution and general creative thinking. Part 2 Climate change â€Å"Global economic prosperity and quality of life depend on secure supplies of reliable, affordable energy. Everyday Chevron employees produce and deliver energy in a safe, environmentally sound and socially responsible manner, creating enduring economic and social value† said John S. Watson, Chevron chairman and CEO The fundamental challenges for Chevron Corporation lies in the implications of its commitment to become a global player in the development and supply of fossils fuel and biofuel and the requirement to source forest product responsibly. The corporation’s approach to this appears strong. Chevron is an active member of FTSE 500 and has committed to using FTSE performance rating index; 2010 Chevron total emission was 65,853,377 metrics tons, index G,S (Global 500, SP 500)and carbon disclosure score was 80. In this report Chevron shows its commitment action plan to tackling climate change and manage to reduce Green House Gas (GHG) emissions. In 2009 the total emissions recorded were 57.4 million metric tons, better than previous target of 60.5 million metric tons, Chevron GHG emissions was approximately 33 metric tons of CO2 equivalent of per 1000 barrels of net-equivalent production from the upstream operations, down from 37 metric tons in 2008. The downstream intensity was approximately 36 metrics tons of CO2 equivalent per 1,000 barrels of crude oil that was input into their refineries, the same as in 2008. The preliminary target for 2010 is 59.0 million metric tons. One of key target of reducing emissions for Chevron is reducing flaring; flaring is an act of safety device to protect vessels or pipes from over pressure on pipes due to unplanned upset. When plant and equipment are over-pressure, pressure relief valves on the equipments automatically releases gases which are routed through large pipes runs called flare headers to the flare stack. Flaring and venting of natural gas from oil and gas well is a significant source of Greenhouse gases emissions. Chevron have executed projects to capture and use the gas, with the cooperation of industry and government partners like World Bank-led Global Gas Flaring Reduction, they target 80 percent reduction if successful. In the report it shows result of gas flaring and venting activities for past five years from 2005 to 2009. [CCRR 2009 p.8-9] Another challenge to the corporation’s presentation of â€Å"result† is the limited scope of time covered – best practice is to disclose of 5 years of targets and performance. Report statements show the net decrease of approximately 2.2 million metric tons of CO2 equivalent emissions from 2008 to 2009 can be attributed to reduced flaring from Cabinda (Angola), and to Nigeria gas processing shut-downs, shut-in offshore wells and pipeline vandalism. Production decrease at U.S.A. Mid-continent and Alaska operations, as well as declining demand for products and shut-downs process units at the Richmond, California, refinery, also accounted for the emission reductions. Another project the corporation invested as a means of tackling climate change is the Carbon Dioxide injection, the Gorgon project, which will include the world’s largest commercial-scale GHG storage site. The project target up to approximately 3.4 million metric tons of CO2 a year injected and stored underground, and it is anticipated that approximately120 million metric tons GHG emissions will be avoided because of the Gorgon CO2 injection project. It will not be true to say the report ignores the challenges inherent in oil and gas exploration, however given scope and scale to promote climate change campaign through its activities. Part 3 Socially Responsible Investment Socially responsible investment (SRI) is â€Å" an investment that is considered socially responsible because of the nature of the business the company conducts†. [investopedia] Another definition by Rivoli 2003 states: â€Å" to provide an opportunity to place savings in ethical funds that yield a competitive return while simultaneously shaping tomorrow’s world†. SRI, in in our today’s socially aware times it is almost impossible to find a global corporation that does not convey a commitment to corporate social responsible (CSR) businesses are now made aware of the benefit at hand of practising good ethical stances. It now means companies have moved from their supposed primary objective of profit maximisation and the best interests of the company, its staff and its shareholders, to include a broader obligation to help build an improved society. The UK is seen as one of the world leading provider of CSR practices internationally. The government has raised and highlighted the importance of social and environmental responsibility; they have also help promote transparency in CSR reporting and its awareness in the marketplace. CSR encourages businesses to have the interest of a broader stakeholders at heart, of which can widen up their understanding of any potential risk and return available to them. [volunteering England] The president of the free market economics Madsen Pirie state that â€Å"CSR should not be a company,s concern†. She commented that CSR should be determined by society as a whole through the mandatory requirement from the government. There is lack of consensus when it comes to focusing on relationship between CRS and profitability, could be due to weakness posed by the methodologies used for measuring social performance, such as external reputational index, content analysis of corporate annual reports or peer ratings (Burke and Logsdon, 1996). The FTSE4Good is another effective way to determine SRI, FTSE4Good indices are value-weighted equity security indices, a corporation will be qualified for inclusion if it passes positive or negative screening tests. Companies excluded are those in sectors like tobacco, arms and nuclear power. Companies included are those that are actively in social and environment criteria, such as environmental sustainability, human right, countering bribery, supply chain labour standards and climate change. While providing an investment tool for socially responsible investors and fund managers, the index strives to contribute to the development of responsible business practices around the world. Socially responsible investment (SRI) is in a very interesting stage of its development, because from fifteen years ago it is a international movement. where does it goes and as a industry how ambitious is it Am certain, quite concern few people come into the industry, people are prepare to push boundaries as much as some of the early pioneers have done. The flip side is, there is continues to be innovation. For example, there is such a disclosure requirement that are carrying from will it’ in Brazil. The Brazilian stock market driven very strongly by SRI movement encouraging better start of disclosure of companies listed in the Brazilian stock market. There is a kind of trade severe of the movement that haven’t die, but need to be lifted to the next level of what are we in business to do? One of the things that inspired me the most is the idea of one planet living, this is where SRI is ahead of most investment industry in understanding planet tree constraints on growth and the fact that it alter the nature of growth. [OECD: new growth doesn’t have to cost the earth] I don’t think SRI is at full front as ambitious as it is about one planet living collectively defining what could be the management of World bank and United nation be thinking about their own finances in the advices they offer like in their lending policies. How does SRI define the way infrastructure investment are made? I think SRI have been quiet weak in the area of real estate and there is a huge opportunity for an SRI interpretation of investment of the built environment whether is building houses, homes or infrastructure, is it road or mass transit. Conclusion There is a lot in Chevron report that is very impressive, though are a number of places where the report either over claims, over simplifies or fails to provide the required detail in processes and approaches, for example in an NGO, GreenPeace website claims in an article tittle â€Å"Chevron: a company that needs to go beyond oil† that the Chevron acts opposite of what its claim its image is. Chevron clearly wishes to take a responsible approach to its business and its ambition could have a significantly positive effect in both the availability of lower impact fuels. It will better to serve the company’s ambitions to make a clear further step to discuss, disclose and demonstrate the real challenges, areas of disagreement, barriers and progress towards its overall goals that are going to be a key part of its journey to achieve its vision. Bibliography Text books P. Ekins, S. Simon, L. Deutsch, C. Folke, R. D. Groot, Ecological Economics 44, 165 (2003) Freeman, R. Edward, and Jr., Daniel R. Gilbert. Corporate Strategy and the Search for Ethics. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1988 Leonard J. Brooks, Paul Dunn 2009. 5th Edition. Business and Professional Ethics for Directors, Executives and accountants Subhabrata B. B. Corporate Social Responsibility; the good, the bad, and the ugly, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited 2007 Gray O Adam C. Accounting Accountability, New York Prentice Hall, 1996 DJSI, â€Å"Dow Jones Sustainability Index, Corporate Sustainability† http://www.sustainabilityindexes.com/htmle/sustainability/corpsustainability.htm. (accessed on 22/04/11) Chevron Corp (CXV. N). â€Å"Company profile†. Available online: http://uk.reuters.com/business/quotes/companyProfile?symbol=CVX.N About Chevron. Company Profile. Available online: http://www.chevron.com/about/leadership/ (accessed on 2/04/11) ReportAlert. Chevron corporation (NYSE:CVX) publishes Corporate Responsibility Report 2009. Available online: http://www.reportalert.info/reportprofile.php?ID=30688year=2010.(accessed on 12/04/11) Socially Responsible Investment- SRI http://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/sri.asp.(accessed on 24/04/11) Corporate Social Responsibility http://www.volunteering.org.uk/WhatWeDo/Projects+and+initiatives/Employer+Supported+Volunteering/Employers/CSR+and+CCI/CSR/What+is+Corporate+Social+Responsibility (accessed on 22/04/11) James P. Leape, Director General, WWF International. New growth doesn’t have to cost the earth http://www.oecd.org/document/45/0,3746,en_2649_34361_46695661_1_1_1_1,00.html. (accessed on 21/04/11) FTSE4GOOD http://www.ftse.com/About_Us/FTSE_Corporate_Responsibility/FTSE4Good.jsp . (accessed on 21/04/11) How to cite Assessment: Chevron Corporate Responsibility, Essay examples

Registration of a No Liability Company

Question: Discuss about the Registration of a No Liability Company. Answer: The corporations act section 112(2) requires that only four types of companies can get incorporated, a no liability company being one of them. A no liability company is a type of public company limited by shares. The Australian Corporations Act law requires that a no liability company must not undertake any activity outside the set mining objectives. For a company to get registered as a no liability company, the Corporation Act Section 112 provides that the following requirements be met: 1.The company must have share capital 2.Its constitution define clearly that its principal activity is mining, and That the company has no contractual rights to recover calls made on its shares by any shareholder who has not paid for the calls. The incorporation of no liability company has several provisions about its name, the issue of shares terms, call on shares, and registration of a body as a firm (Monestier, 2015, p. 80). To lodge for registration of a no liability company, special provisions with ASIC hold. The contents of applying for registration as per Corporations Act section 117 include: 1.The proposed name of the company 2.Addresses and names of all consentent members; preferably residential address The proposed registered office address of the company 1.The present given and family name of all shareholders and their beneficiaries 2.Name and address of director or company secretary who consents in writing to hold such a post Further, under section 117, the application for registration of a no liability company requires that each member's number and class of shares he or she agrees to take up to get disclosed in writing. If there is any amount a member agrees to take up in writing, the number should be stated. If during the registration there is any amount that is not fully paid, then each member agrees in writing to get unpaid on every share. The Corporations Act requires that the directors of a no limited company should never allow the whole mine on tributes and must not involve in any consent for working any tribute. Further, in the case the contract is to be allowed, a special resolution is needed for its letting (Tomasic, Bottomley, and McQueen, 2002, p 76). The director must certify that there is no such a setting that has been made within a course of 2 years after the contract is let. Corporations Act section 148 on a no liability company's name; the law requires that such a company must have words "No Liability" at the end of its name. However, Section 156 provides that no individual should carry on business in this jurisdiction under a name that ends with "No Liability." The word is strictly allowed for corporate bodies contrary to which an offense of strict liability is imposed. In its inception, the applicant should have all consents and agreements of members in writing (Monestier, 2015, p. 88). Under any circumstances that the chosen name match with another, section 147 deals with reservation of names thus a good name is chosen with respect to the stated provisions under Corporation Act sections 152 and 147. After a company gets registered, the law requires the applicant to provide the agreements and consents to the enterprise. It is mandatory for the secretary of the company to keep these consents and agreements of incorporation. References Monestier, T.J., 2015. Registration Statutes, General Jurisdiction, and the Fallacy of Consent. Tomasic, R., Bottomley, S., and McQueen, R., 2002.Corporations law in Australia. Federation Express.