Challenges and Opportunities of the Ethiopian Coffee Sector

Challenges and Opportunities of the Ethiopian Coffee Sector Coffee farmers all over the world face different challenges related to the availability, cost and quality of labor, land, water, inputs, access to reasonable production credit, and proper technical advice in response to diseases and pests. Ethiopia has a reputation of high quality coffee due to its branded varieties of coffee. But, most of the coffee farmers in Ethiopia are not capable of getting the benefits connected with production and marketing of a finest quality product. There is production, processing, storage and functioning of domestic and international market related constraints for this fact (ODI, 2009). Regardless of huge potential for collective production of coffee in Ethiopia, the average yield per hectare remains very low at 0.72 metric ton per hectare. Abu and Tedy (2013) revealed three major factors for the basis of low coffee production. First, there is a direct and increasing competition of Khat (Cata edulis), a plant with mild narcotic effects, with coffee for farmlands in different areas of the country particularly in the Hararge region. Khat is chosen by many farmers because it is more profitable and brings a consistent income during the year. Second, the farm management system of coffee and the agronomic practices in Ethiopia are traditional. In addition to this, coffee producing farmers do not get adequate extension services. Lastly, there is no specialized institution that offers extension support for production of coffee in the country. According to Taye (2010), in Ethiopia, there are several attributed factors for the low level of average production and income of coffee by the world standard. These includes insufficient credit and distribution of input devices for coffee growing farmers, principal use of conservative husbandry and processing as well as unimproved local coffee landrace practices, which in turn extremely hinders the national production and productivity of coffee produced by small-scale farmers in the country. Harvesting, post-harvest storage and processing is important in order to assure the quality of coffee. Non-selective picking practice is common by smallholder farms which contributes to poor quality coffee regardless of whether it is wet or dry processed. In addition, sorting and grading of coffee berries before further processing is a practice that is long forgotten among most smallholders because of low net earnings, high cost of labor and lack of incentives for high quality coffees. Most of the coffee growing farmers in Ethiopia have traditional and temporary storages which have its own negative effect to maximize the quality of coffee, with implications for price, profit and income (ODI, 2009). The conventional coffee value chain in Ethiopia involves a large number of intermediaries and is largely state-controlled. Licenses are required for every function in the market chain (Petit, 2007). The Ethiopian government issuing licenses for direct export has changed recently. The former system was exposed to rent seeking and political control and did not offer an inducement for quality. Coffee deliveries for export markets have adversely been affected by lack of price incentives to farmers, fluctuation of production supply due to climatic variations and unstable prices (ECX, 2009). According to the Ministry of Agriculture (2013), the Ethiopian coffee sector faces persistent challenges. The major ones include very low quality control, the deficiency of a strong coffee seed supply system, inadequate consideration to the input credit provision for efficiency and quality enhancement, and lack of strong vision and path in order to support the coffee sector. Limited use of enhanced technology; land degradation and population pressure; limited access to inputs such as fertilizer, seeds, credit and irrigation; and high costs of quality coffee production and processing are also mentioned as the major challenges of the coffee sector of the country (Taye, 2013). According to Jim and Ruth (2012), the challenges to the coffee sector in Ethiopia looked devastating. They pointed out the constraints as low and inconsistent coffee quality due to poor processing; regulation of export sales through a national auction that mixed coffees from different places into a single portion and forbidden cupping earlier to sales; coffee cooperatives were technically and institutionally weak; loan capitals for production, processing and marketing investments in were absent; and lack of international market demand understanding leads to focus on quantity rather than quality. Despite the challenges, there are several opportunities of the coffee sector in Ethiopia. The country has fertile soil, optimum temperatures, sufficient rainfall and suitable altitude for coffee production. It has diverse agro-ecology and climatic conditions, genetic biodiversity and sole distinctive characters of quality coffee. Fine specialty coffee can be produced and supplied sustainably, with producing potentially all the various types of coffee in world coffee cultivating origins. Ethiopia has an ordinary benefit in organic coffee markets as over 90% of coffee production is de facto organic (Mekuria et al. 2004). Moreover, Ethiopia is the only producer of natural forest coffee Arabica, providing scope for shade-grown coffees sale, for instance, through the certification of Rainforest Alliance. The government’s decision to allow cooperatives to directly export is significant because it opened a potentially new channel of value chain for export of coffee (USAID, 2010). Positive image of the country as origin of coffee and a strong indigenous coffee culture, well established coffee brand, prospective for expansion of volume and quality coffee due to existence of adequate land and low-cost labour, high commitment of government and favourable policy environment are among the major opportunities of the coffee sector in Ethiopia (Ministry of Trade, 2013). CHAPTER THREE MATERIALS AND METHODS This chapter presents a brief profile of Ethiopia, describes the study area, the type of data collected, sampling procedure followed and analytical methods used to analyze the data. 3.1. A Brief Profile of Ethiopia Ethiopia is among the countries that have a history of early civilization.It is the only African country never been colonized. It was previously known as Abyssinia. It is geographically located in the Horn of Africa, 3 and 14.8 latitude and 33 and 48 longitude. The country is bordered by Eritrea to the north, Kenya to the south, South Sudan and Sudan to the west and Djibouti and Somalia to the east. It is the second most populous country in Africa with over 91,195,675 (2012 est.) inhabitants. It covers an area of 1,104,300km2. Addis Ababa is the capital city, also known as â€Å"the political capital of Africa†. Ethiopia is a mountainous and landlocked country. It is situated at an altitude that ranges from 4620 meters above sea level at Ras Dashen in the Northern part of Ethiopia to 155 meters below sea level in the North east where the great Danakil depression is situated. The climate condition is hot in the lowlands and temperate in the highlands. Temperature ranges from 10oc to 30oc while rainfall ranges from 200mm to 2000 mm per year. Ethiopia is basically stated as the â€Å"water tower† of Eastern Africa for the reason that several (14 major) rivers that discharge off the high plateau, including Blue Nile river. The country has the highest water reserves in Africa, but it is not utilized through irrigation systems. It is only 1.5% used for irrigation and 1% for power production. Ethiopia is a multilingual and multi ethnic country in which around 86 ethnic groups are found. The majority of the population is Christian while a third of it is Muslim. The official language of Ethiopia is Amharic, even if English, Italian, French and Arabic are fairly spoken. Ethiopia uses a slightly modified form of the Julian calendar, which consists 12 equal months of 30 days each and a thirteenth month of five days (six days in a leap year). The Ethiopian calendar is eight years late with the Gregorian (Western) calendar from September 11 to December 31 and seven years in the rest of the year. Ethiopia is an independent republic functioning under the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) constitution. The President is head of state whereas the Prime Minister is the head of government. The country is divided into nine autonomous regional states and two special city administrations. The two cities administrations as well as the nine national regional states are further divided into 800 Woredas/districts and around 15,000 Kebeles (5,000 Urban and 10,000 Rural). Agriculture is the foundation of Ethiopia’s economy, responsible for 45.6% of GDP, 80% of employment, 80% of exports and 52% of exports for foreign exchange. Industry and services cover 13.4% and 41% of GDP respectively. Coffee, pulses, oil-seeds, hides and skins, khat, cut flowers, gold, meat, live animals and textile garments are major export items of the country. Rural Ethiopia contains about 84% of the country’s population. Banking, insurance and micro-credit industries in Ethiopia are regulated to domestic investors; however the country has attracted substantial foreign investment in leather, textiles, manufacturing and commercial agriculture. All the land is owned by the state which is state in the constitution. The government provides long-term leases to the tenants and distributes the land use certificates which help the tenants to have more recognizable rights to persistent possession and hence make more rigorous efforts to expand their leaseholds. According to the IMF report (2012), the growth of Ethiopian economy was one of the fastest in the world. The country registered over 10% economic growth for six years between 2004 and 2009.It was a non-oil-dependent economy in Africa with the fastest-growing rate in the years 2007 and 2008. However, thegrowth has slowed temperately to 7%in the year 2012 and is projected to be 6.5% in the near future.The country faces high inflation challenge and balance of payment difficulties. Inflation is projected to be at about 22 percent for the year 2011/12. The economy still faces a number of serious structural problems. The per capita income of the country is one of the lowest globally even if the GDP growth has remained high. There is low productivity of agriculture and frequent droughts which strictly affected the country. 3.2. Description of the Study Area: Mana District of Jimma Zone This study was conducted in Manna district of the Jimma administrative zone in the Oromia Regional State of Ethiopia. The area was selected on the grounds that these villages would provide a picture of the range of production and employment options available to households in a coffee producing area, with reasonably good links to the wider economy. They also needed to be accessible during the rainy season when the study was carried out. Oromia Regional State has 12 administrative zones and 180 woredas. It is the largest Regional State in Ethiopia in terms of population and area. It covers an area of 367,000 km2 (about 30% of the total area of the country) and a population of more than 26 million inhabitants (35%). From the total population, 88 percent lives in rural areas where the average household size is 5 persons and 35 percent lives below the absolute poverty line (CSA, 2008). Agriculture is the backbone of the economy of Oromia region. It is considered as fragmented and subsistence farming. The majority of the farmers depend on coffee. Farmers producing â€Å"Arabica† coffee in Oromia region are 424,309 and 95 percent of the production is done by small-scale farmers. From the total amount of marketed coffee that is produced in the region, 85 percent is sun dried or unwashed (IPMS, 2007). Jimma zone is one of the 12 administrative zones in Oromia Regional State. It is located in the Southwestern part of Ethiopia between 7 ° 13’ and 8 ° 56’ N latitude, and 35 ° 52’ and 37 ° 37’ E longitude. It has an area of approximately 19,300 Km ². Jimma town which is 335 Km southwest of Addis Ababa, is the capital and administrative center of the zone. Its population is around 2.4 million, of which approximately 5% lives in Jimma town. Crude population density is 106 persons per km2. There are approximately 644kms of all-weather roads and 447km of dry weather roads in the zone (CSA, 2008). The Altitude of Jimma zone varies from 880 to 3,340 meter above sea level. The topography includes dissected plateaus, mountains, plains, hills, gorges and valleys. There are many intermittent streams and perennial rivers. The zone is characterized by its humid tropical climate with heavy annual rainfall ranging from 1200 to 2400 mm per year, with a long rainy season from February/March to October/November. The temperature ranges from 25 to 30 °C with a minimum temperature of 7 °C. The agro-climatic divisions of the area are classified as Kolla (14.9% lowlands), Woinadega (64.4% mid highlands) and Dega (20.5% highlands). High forest, shrubs, woodland and man-made forests are found in the zone. Out of the 13 Woredas of the zone, only 7 focus on coffee production. Manna, Gomma, Limmu Seka and Limmu Chekrosa woredas are well-known as mainly coffee growing areas (Jimma Zone Agriculture, 2010). Manna Woreda is one of the 13 woredas of Jimma zone known for its predominant coffee cultivation. It is located between 7 °46.5 and 7 °51.5 in North while 36 °40 and 36 °42 in East and found in central parts of the zone. The woreda is located at 35 km west of Jimma town and about 6 km from Yebu town which is the woreda capital. The total area of the woreda is 480 km2 (48,000 ha) of which 12% is highland, 65% intermediate highland and 23% lowland. It lies between 1,470 and 2,610m altitude. It has an average annual rainfall of 1500 mm with mean average temperature of 19oc (ARDO, 2008). It occupies loamy soils with production of coffee, cereals and vegetables. Coffee accounts for 80% of the production. Distric Nitosols and Orthic Acrisols are the dominant soil types with slightly acidic PH, which is suitable for coffee production found in the woreda (ORG, 2003). Manna Woreda (district) is most densely populated district in Jimma zone with 308 persons per Km ². The total population of the woreda is estimated at 146,675 inhabitants (CSA, 2008). 89% of the district area is arable (with 86% under cultivation), 2.7% is grazing and 2.8% forest lands. The major cash crop commodities which are cultivated in the district include coffee, chat (Catha edulis), tropical and sub-tropical fruits (mango, avocado, papaya, banana, orange, pineapple) and spices (mainly ginger and Ethiopian cardamom). Among cereals, maize, teff, wheat, barley and sorghum are grown in the area; amongst of which, maize is the dominant cereal crop in the farming system. Livestock commodities include cattle, small ruminants (sheep and goat), apiculture, poultry and equines. Lady bird beetle, Stalk borer, ape, pig, warthog, and porcupine are major crop pests. Compared with other woredas in Jimma zone, Manna has a high population density, smaller size and relatively better access t o infrastructure and services (IPMS, 2007).

Margaret Fuller’s Influence Essay

As a woman in the 19th century, the odds were against Margaret Fuller. Despite adversity, she became a literary scholar and icon for woman to strive to emulate for greatness. Margaret Fuller’s development as a writer marked the transformation of America. Through Fuller’s influence, a young country looking primarily to writers overseas for its literature became a more self-confident nation. Margaret Fuller was an American literary critic, feminist critic, social critic, essayist, poet, letter writer, and pioneer. She is often considered the country’s first woman with a nationally positive reputation. Margaret Fuller’s intellect was further recognized by Ralph Waldo Emerson as being equivalent to the intelligence of a man. Therefore, it can be said that she paved the way for women to aspire to achieve success. By examining the literary works of Margaret Fuller, her writings plainly reflect American women as a whole and would be more affective to readers as a notable part in the English curriculum. Margaret Fuller was born on May 23, 1810, in Cambridgeport, Massachusetts. She was the oldest of nine children born to Unitarian parents who raised her with strong discipline. As a result of her upbringing, Margaret Fuller became a high-strung child prodigy (Goodwin). Fuller’s combination of domestic and professional accomplishments is attributed to the education she received from her father, Timothy Fuller. This strict education gave her a special ability to analyze the strengths and limitations of both masculinity and femininity. Margaret Fuller became a teacher at the Bronson Alcott Temple School for women. The Alcott School was a controversial place to learn at because the students were taught about integration and the social acceptance of others. Fuller was a revolutionary figure for women because it was illegal to teach women oral communication skills and to give them the insight to philosophize current situations in politics, the work place, and the home. She wanted women to become independent, creative thinkers. Fuller also joined Ralph Waldo Emerson and others to found the Dial. She served as the editor of The Dial for two years, then published her feminist classic, Woman in the Nineteenth Century, in 1845 (Goodwin). By the time of her death in 1850 at age 40, in a shipwreck while returning to the United States in, Margaret Fuller had become a near legend for her courage, passionate political advocacy and unconventional lifestyle. Perhaps one of her most noted books, Women of the Nineteenth Century was the examination of men and women in America. Woman of the Nineteenth Century speaks out against the degradation and the slavery of women. Fuller wrote, â€Å"Tremble not before the free man, but the slave who has chains to break. In slavery†¦ women are on a par with men. Each is a work tool, an article of property, no more! In perfect freedom†¦ in the heaven where there is no marrying or giving marriage, each [woman] is a purified intelligence, an enfranchised soul no less. † (Fuller 29) The basis for Fuller’s essay is the idea that man will rightfully inherit the earth when he becomes an elevated being, understanding the idea of divine love. The essay describes her belief that man cannot find perfection because he is burdened with selfish desires. Fuller is optimistic and says that human kind, however imperfect, is on the verge of a new awakening. She also argued that in comparison to men in Germany, America does not yet know how to properly treat women, made clear by the statement, â€Å"Germany did not need to learn a high view of women; it was inborn in that race. † (Fuller 30) Margaret Fuller continues her thoughts by saying that Christian men emulate the way women are treated whether it be good or bad in accordance with the Bible. She claims that in the past man has always called for woman’s service, but soon will come the time when women will call for men and they will be equals and share divine love. One of Fuller’s main arguments is that America has been hindered from reaching equality because it inherited depravity from Europe, hence its treatment of Native and African Americans. Fuller Expresses that those who infringe on others’ rights are condemned because man needs to practice divine love in order to feel it. The analysis of this essay proves Margaret Fuller’s worth as a feminist and transcendentalist who greatly influenced American literature. Her perspectives on the roles of women and men within humanity are a key point to this essay. With these views, Fuller was a highly persuasive women’s activist that should be celebrated even in modern literature. Margaret Fuller concluded that in order to explore her beliefs and her life, she need to travel and experience spiritual discovery through transcendentalism. The need for spiritual discovery led to Fuller’s first original book-length work, the product of her journey through what was then considered the far western frontier in mid-nineteenth-century America. This autobiography or travel log, Summer on the Lakes in 1843, occupies a pivotal position in Margaret Fuller’s development as a writer, a Transcendentalist, and a feminist. The book is a personal account of Fuller’s inner life during the summer of 1843 and is a portfolio of sketches, poems, stories, anecdotes, dialogues, reflections, and accounts of a leisurely journey to the Great Lakes. She shared with the Transcendentalists the belief that internal travel, or what Emerson called travel within the mind, was the most significant kind of journey. Her travel away from New England to visit Niagara Falls, Mackinac Island, and Rock River, Illinois, is symbolic of a larger journey that Fuller was making in her spirituality and personal discovery. Drawing on historical sources, contemporary travel books, and her own firsthand experience of life on the prairie, Fuller used the opportunity of visiting the frontier to meditate on the state of her own life and of life in America. Critics often claim that this meditation, or exploration of life, is what ultimately led Fuller to become such an influential writer for women everywhere. After the publication of Summer on the Lakes in 1843 the amount of women writers increased substantially. Margaret Fuller continued to write impressive works of literature that were influential within American culture. Life Within Life Without is about the exploration of transcendentalist ideas. One of the main ideas in the essay is the cultivation of the individual, which to Fuller, included women as well as men. Fuller claims that men and women can each live two lives; the outward life, passed in reading the thoughts of others, and the inward life that is the product of every person’s individual nature. The essay applies the idea that the individual has the potential to enlighten all mankind. In this essay, Fuller expresses her belief that allowing women as individuals to have greater spiritual and intellectual freedom will advance the enlightenment of both men and women and, therefore, all of mankind. Each type of living, inward and outward, contributes to a person’s overall development in thought and action. Fuller argues that these two states affect the passions, affections , and aspirations of all people. Because Fuller was passionate about giving equal rights to both men and women, this ssay was controversial. In later years, however, this essay became one of the foundations for the women’s rights movement, influencing women everywhere become involved in achieving equal rights. One of Margaret Fuller’s last works, Papers on Literature and Art, is a selection of works accumulated throughout her writing career. The papers contain some of Fuller’s earliest works as well as many of her later works and show the growth that she experienced through her writing over time. Along with these selections Fuller inserted segments of prose and verse. Ben Jonson wrote, â€Å"Where ever she has herself arisen in private history, and nobly shone forth in any form of excellence, men have received her, not only willingly, but with triumph. Their encomiums indeed, are always, in some sense, mortifying; they show too much surprise. ‘Can this be you? ’, he cries to the transfigured Cinderella; well I should have never thought it but I am very glad. We will tell everyone that you have surpassed your sex. † (Fuller-Ossoli) In response to Jonson’s comment, Fuller compiled the works that she had written up to that point and titled the compilation Papers on Literature and Art. Fuller wanted to demonstrate the amount of progressive personal growth she had experienced through her work as a writer. The papers were an accumulation of Fuller’s writings that expressed her thoughts on everything from transcendentalism to feminism, her opinions, and her developing ideas. Margaret Fuller was an icon to many literary scholars and continues to have a great impact on female writers of the modern era. Her works are important to the feminine literary movement as well as the literary movement as a whole. Any reader can learn from Margaret Fuller about personal growth, self discovery, and equality between all individuals. Fuller’s works were influential enough in society in her era, that they are best explored by the incorporation in English literature curriculums throughout America. Fullers influence extended to many women including women’s rights activists such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Grace Greenwood, and Ida B. Wells. Through Fuller’s influence women such as these were able to push women’s American rights to the freedoms that modern women benefit from today.

What Everyone Is Saying About Transfer College Essay Samples and What You Must Do

What Everyone Is Saying About Transfer College Essay Samples and What You Must Do Using Transfer College Essay Samples Inside my opinion, a thriving student is somebody who wants not just to learn but also to make something new. This essay is directed at giving out the advantages and the need of legalizing using marijuana. In addition, it's far better concentrate on new essays (not older than 10-15 years), and that means you are reading what has worked in the latest past, in place of seeing outdated thoughts and historical perspectives. To attain this, the Sample Essays can provide the much-needed guidelines. Writing an essay has to be stressful. These seven sample essays respond to a wide variety of thought-provoking questions. Writing application essays is a dreaded job, particularly when it's your second moment. In your essays, you may use various approaches. At our essay assistance, essays are always delivered in a brief moment. Your essay is going to be assigned one of the next holistic scores dependent on the criteria listed. A few of the essays even include brief commentary by admissions officers about exactly what makes them great. Make your essay memorable and distinctive. Essays are your very best friend. Your essay is a special reflection of who you are as an individual. Despite exceptional grades, a poorly written essay gives you a poor name. Through long and in depth commentary on every essay, Robinson shows why narrative is just the sort of structure which works best for personal essays. Sharing a personal story that's related to the prompt is an exceptional method to earn your essay stick out from the crowd. Bridget's essay is extremely strong, but there continue to be a couple little things that could be made better. A well written essay can boost your odds of admission. It's very helpful to observe how the exact top students approach the college essay, so long as their very best effort neither intimidates nor stymies you. 1 way to acquire a notion of what colleges are seeking is to read some excellent essays from students who've been successful in their bid to put in a selective university. To conclude, as a student at UVA, I'll benefit from the student financial aid offered by the college and maximize on the exceptional college traditions. Apart from college loans, there's the stress of keeping up a GPA to go into the university that you dream about. The sample transfer essay appears quite useful in this scenario. So as to do the latter, you should start a process of transfer. The climatic alterations or the uncertain all-natural disaster may also be the reason behind this transfer. A transfer applicationessay is just a portion of it, even though it is by far the most important component of your application. Choosing Good Transfer College Essay Samples College life includes writing essays and application letters whether you're in the sphere of company or literature. Obviously, this list isn't exhaustive, these are only a few examples of the most well-known reasons students turn to writing services. Regrettably, the Medical College doesn't have enough resources for the growth of my projects. Company and entertainment. Writing a college essay can arrive in various forms and styles based on your taste. Use outlines, word clouds or totally free association to assist you come up w ith material for every one of the different prompts. You can type right into the box, or you may paste text from another source. Transfer applicants should reveal their reason behind desiring to transfer. However difficult the transfer procedure appears to be, you've overcome it once before. Figure out the transfer application procedures for the schools to which you're applying, and begin contemplating your essay. A transfer essay is a sort of papers that might be used by means of an author for transferring to a different college or university. Although each aspect of your college application is vital, a strong college admission essay is just one of the most significant elements of the application. Along with grades, extracurricular activities, and in a number of situations, letters of recommendation, the personal essay is a critical part of the admission procedure. Within this application, there's an essay section which must be accomplished excellently to obtain admission. For preparing well for this very important portion of a university program, college essay examples play a prominent part in guiding the students in the proper direction so far as their writing skill is concerned. Transfer College Essay Samples - Overview Thereby, in the event the author want to transfer to a different college or university, the paper must look such as this. Following your initial draft is finished, allow it to sit for no less than a day. A strong essay can provide you the ideal opportunity to get in the school that you dream about . There's numerous signals of a college transfer essay.

Decision Making- a Primary Task of the Manager - 2377 Words

DECISION MAKING- A PRIMARY TASK OF THE MANAGER As the term implies, decision making is the process of selection of a course of action from among alternatives. All decisions made in an environment of at least some uncertainty. However, the degree will vary from relative certainty to great uncertainty. There are certain risks involved in making decisions. In a situation involving certainty, people are reasonably sure about what will happen when they make a decision. The information is available and is considered to be reliable, and the cause and effect relationships are known. In a situation of uncertainty, on the other hand, people have only a meager database, they do not know whether or not the data are reliable, and they are very†¦show more content†¦cost effectiveness analysis–the process of selecting the best ratio of benefits and costs. After having evaluated the alternatives the job is to select one of them. Here the managers can use three basic approaches: 1. Experience, 2. Experimentation, and 3. Research and analysis Experience There seems to be no greater teacher than experience. But what is experience? It is not the number of years spent in a business. Many managers do not learn by their mistakes. If so what is the benefit of experience? Mostly managers either do not or fail to identify the cause for their failures. Another facet is the lessons of experience may be entirely inapplicable to the new problems. Experimentation Experiments are one way of testing a method. It is probably the most expensive one. Besides, unlike in science, there is no guarantee of repetition of the results. But one should be encouraged to do experiments-to try the various alternatives and see which is best. In view of the high cost involved, I suggest it should be used only after considering other alternatives and its implications. Research and Analysis When a major decision has to be taken, research and analysis is the most effective technique. One of the most comprehensive research and analysis approaches to decision making is operations research. We will discuss the same in detail at later. Types of ManagerialShow MoreRelatedPrimary Functions Of A Manager1308 Words   |  6 Pages PRIMARY FUNCTIONS IN MANAGEMENT Management is the process of getting things done, effectively and efficiently, through and with other people (Robbins, DeCenzo Coulter, 2015). The functions of a manager are defined primarily as planning, organizing, leading and controlling. This paper will discuss these functions, their importance and benefits. PLANNING Virtually every step in professional project management includes project planning and replanning (Allen, McLees, Richardson Waterford, 2015)Read MoreManagement Styles And Its Effect On Organizational Performance1236 Words   |  5 Pagesclimate has significant effect on organizational performance which is profit of enterprise. So managers have to think about that which management style they should take, and why they should take the style. According to Hay-McBer there are six management styles or leadership. The first one is the directive style which has the primary objective of immediate compliance from employees. In this style, the managers tend to let the staff do something in the way which to be told and closely controls them. TheRead MoreImplementation Of A Project Management Plan1502 Words   |  7 Pagesthis page they could ask the students for suggestions and improvements to the system to give the impression that they a part of a guided coalition. The second stage aims at engaging and enabling the entire organization. 8.2.0 Objectives The primary objective of the project management team is to make sure that the project is implemented properly. Good implementers will retain more value at every stage of implementation. McKinsey’s Implementation Capability Assessment proved this theory by surveyingRead MoreLeadership Styles Strenghts and Weaknesses Essay597 Words   |  3 Pagesin the organization’s decision making process, they are likely to develop a strong sense of commitment to the organization as well as increase their performance. Job satisfaction is another key strength of this leadership style. Most employees display high levels of job satisfaction when they notice their suggestions and/or recommendations are taken seriously and in some instances implemented within the organization. Additionally, this leadership style can help managers identify employees withRead MoreBenefits of a Motivated Staff1322 Words   |  6 Pagesis imperative to productivity. A highly motivated staff often leads t o high productivity from the workforce. But why is motivating staff the most difficult task for managers in so many businesses? One of the primary reasons is because â€Å"behavior on the individual level is a very complex phenomenon† (Davidson 2005, p.304) Clearly, If a manager wants to build and/or sustain a successful company, they must â€Å"make motivating workers a top priority of their job.â€Å"(Harvard Business School Press, 2005, P.3)Read MoreRoles And Responsibilities Of A Project1174 Words   |  5 Pagesto be considered include expertise, leadership and experience. In addition, the role of networking and outsourcing, which may become part of a project, is analysed in the broader project fulfilment scope (Cadle Yeates, 2008). Sometimes, projects managers may engage in outsourcing in order to complete projects. This creates a network of project players that may become convoluted due to lack of proper definition of stakeholder role, contractual dispute, poor planning and poor relationships. This paperR ead MoreInformation system has become as universal in our daily business activities as human resource800 Words   |  4 Pagesfoundation of understanding is to give a clear definition: Information system is defined technically as a set of organized components which collect, store distribute , process, transform the information to approval decision making and control in an organization. Information system can also help managers and workers to understand problems, analyze complex subjects and prepare new products. Today, the basic focus of companies is to be globally competitive by using the capabilities of modern information systemRead MoreMarketing And Product Mix For Snapple1152 Words   |  5 Pagesfor a total of $1.7 billion. Quaker Oats top management believes that too much was paid for Snapple.The management has created a task force of seven top managers to ensure the expensive investment will produce a high rate of return. The task force must make strategic decisions concern ing the marketing and product mix for Snapple for the upcoming year. Tactics such as making Snapple products distinctive, listening to the changing demands of consumers, being cost efficient, and creating an environmentRead MoreEssay about Understand Leadership Styles1076 Words   |  5 Pagespotential to demonstrate leadership qualities and behaviours. Factors that can influence an individual’s choice of leadership in any given situation are many and varied. An individual is likely to have a primary leadership style which they are most comfortable with using. Often the primary leadership style is that which most suits their innate personality traits. For example, someone who is outgoing and assertive may prefer a more face-to-face communicative leadership style. The level to whichRead MoreEnterprise Resource Planning : A Organization Of Data And Task Management1194 Words   |  5 Pagesallows a business full organization of data and task management. The idea to flawlessly implement such a system to replace an older or outdated one is not an easy task. Therefore there are many processes and timelines put in place so that these changes can be done with les problems. Organizations that have the ERP system in place allow each department manager to have access to valuable information within the company. Organizational systems have a primary objective to integrate all information throughout